  
  [1X13 [33X[0;0YCohomology ring structure[133X[101X
  
  
  [1X13.1 [33X[0;0Y [133X[101X
  
  [1X13.1-1 IntegralCupProduct[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XIntegralCupProduct[102X( [3XR[103X, [3Xu[103X, [3Xv[103X, [3Xp[103X, [3Xq[103X ) [32X function[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XIntegralCupProduct[102X( [3XR[103X, [3Xu[103X, [3Xv[103X, [3Xp[103X, [3Xq[103X, [3XP[103X, [3XQ[103X, [3XN[103X ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y(Various  functions  used  to  construct  the cup product are also available
  ([7X../www/SideLinks/CR_functions.html[107X).)[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YInputs  a [22XZG[122X-resolution [22XR[122X, a vector [22Xu[122X representing an element in [22XH^p(G,Z)[122X, a
  vector [22Xv[122X representing an element in [22XH^q(G,Z)[122X and the two integers [22Xp,q[122X >[22X0[122X. It
  returns  a  vector  [22Xw[122X  representing the cup product [22Xu⋅ v[122X in [22XH^p+q(G,Z)[122X. This
  product is associative and [22Xu⋅ v = (-1)pqv⋅ u[122X . It provides [22XH^∗(G,Z)[122X with the
  structure  of  an anti-commutative graded ring. This function implements the
  cup product for characteristic 0 only.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe resolution [22XR[122X needs a contracting homotopy.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YTo  save  the  function from having to calculate the abelian groups [22XH^n(G,Z)[122X
  additional     input     variables    can    be    used    in    the    form
  [22XIntegralCupProduct(R,u,v,p,q,P,Q,N)[122X , where[133X
  
  [30X    [33X[0;6Y[22XP[122X is the output of the command [22XCR_CocyclesAndCoboundaries(R,p,true)[122X[133X
  
  [30X    [33X[0;6Y[22XQ[122X is the output of the command [22XCR_CocyclesAndCoboundaries(R,q,true)[122X[133X
  
  [30X    [33X[0;6Y[22XN[122X  is the output of the command [22XCR_CocyclesAndCoboundaries(R,p+q,true)[122X
        .[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[12XExamples:[112X             1             ([7X../tutorial/chap7.html[107X) ,             2
  ([7X../www/SideLinks/About/aboutCohomologyRings.html[107X) [133X
  
  [1X13.1-2 IntegralRingGenerators[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XIntegralRingGenerators[102X( [3XR[103X, [3Xn[103X ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YInputs  at least [22Xn+1[122X terms of a [22XZG[122X-resolution and integer [22Xn[122X> [22X0[122X. It returns a
  minimal  list of cohomology classes in [22XH^n(G,Z)[122X which, together with all cup
  products of lower degree classes, generate the group [22XH^n(G,Z)[122X .[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y(Let  [22Xa_i[122X  be  the [22Xi[122X-th canonical generator of the [22Xd[122X-generator abelian group
  [22XH^n(G,Z)[122X.  The  cohomology  class [22Xn_1a_1 + ... +n_da_d[122X is represented by the
  integer vector [22Xu=(n_1, ..., n_d)[122X. )[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[12XExamples:[112X             1             ([7X../tutorial/chap1.html[107X) ,             2
  ([7X../www/SideLinks/About/aboutCohomologyRings.html[107X) [133X
  
  [1X13.1-3 ModPCohomologyGenerators[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XModPCohomologyGenerators[102X( [3XG[103X, [3Xn[103X ) [32X function[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XModPCohomologyGenerators[102X( [3XR[103X ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YInputs  either  a  [22Xp[122X-group  [22XG[122X  and  positive integer [22Xn[122X, or else [22Xn[122X terms of a
  minimal  [22XZ_pG[122X-resolution  [22XR[122X of [22XZ_p[122X. It returns a pair whose first entry is a
  minimal  set  of homogeneous generators for the cohomology ring [22XA=H^*(G,Z_p)[122X
  modulo  all  elements in degree greater than [22Xn[122X. The second entry of the pair
  is  a  function  [22Xdeg[122X  which, when applied to a minimal generator, yields its
  degree.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YWARNING:  the following rule must be applied when multiplying generators [22Xx_i[122X
  together.  Only products of the form [22Xx_1*(x_2*(x_3*(x_4*...)))[122X with [22Xdeg(x_i)
  le  deg(x_i+1)[122X  should  be  computed  (since  the  [22Xx_i[122X belong to a structure
  constant algebra with only a partially defined structure constants table).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[12XExamples:[112X 1 ([7X../www/SideLinks/About/aboutIntro.html[107X) [133X
  
  [1X13.1-4 ModPCohomologyRing[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XModPCohomologyRing[102X( [3XG[103X, [3Xn[103X ) [32X function[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XModPCohomologyRing[102X( [3XG[103X, [3Xn[103X, [3Xlevel[103X ) [32X function[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XModPCohomologyRing[102X( [3XR[103X ) [32X function[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XModPCohomologyRing[102X( [3XR[103X, [3Xlevel[103X ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YInputs  either  a  [22Xp[122X-group  [22XG[122X  and  positive integer [22Xn[122X, or else [22Xn[122X terms of a
  minimal   [22XZ_pG[122X-resolution   [22XR[122X   of  [22XZ_p[122X.  It  returns  the  cohomology  ring
  [22XA=H^*(G,Z_p)[122X modulo all elements in degree greater than [22Xn[122X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe ring is returned as a structure constant algebra [22XA[122X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  ring  [22XA[122X  is graded. It has a component [22XA!.degree(x)[122X which is a function
  returning    the    degree    of    each    (homogeneous)   element   [22Xx[122X   in
  [22XGeneratorsOfAlgebra(A)[122X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YAn optional input variable "level" can be set to one of the strings "medium"
  or "high". These settings determine parameters in the algorithm. The default
  setting is "medium".[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YWhen  "level"  is  set  to  "high"  the  ring [22XA[122X is returned with a component
  [22XA!.niceBasis[122X.  This  component  is a pair [22X[Coeff,Bas][122X. Here [22XBas[122X is a list of
  integer  lists;  a  "nice"  basis  for the vector space [22XA[122X can be constructed
  using    the    command   [22XList(Bas,x->Product(List(x,i->Basis(A)[i]))[122X.   The
  coefficients  of  the  canonical  basis  element  [22XBasis(A)[i][122X  are stored as
  [22XCoeff[i][122X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  the  ring  [22XA[122X  is  computed  using  the setting "level"="medium" then the
  component   [22XA!.niceBasis[122X   can   be   added   to   [22XA[122X   using   the   command
  [22XA:=ModPCohomologyRing_part_2(A)[122X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[12XExamples:[112X 1 ([7X../www/SideLinks/About/aboutModPRings.html[107X) [133X
  
  [1X13.1-5 ModPRingGenerators[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XModPRingGenerators[102X( [3XA[103X ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YInputs a mod [22Xp[122X cohomology ring [22XA[122X (created using the preceeding function). It
  returns  a  minimal  generating  set  for  the  ring  [22XA[122X.  Each  generator is
  homogeneous.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[12XExamples:[112X             1             ([7X../tutorial/chap8.html[107X) ,             2
  ([7X../www/SideLinks/About/aboutModPRings.html[107X) [133X
  
  [1X13.1-6 Mod2CohomologyRingPresentation[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XMod2CohomologyRingPresentation[102X( [3XG[103X ) [32X function[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XMod2CohomologyRingPresentation[102X( [3XG[103X, [3Xn[103X ) [32X function[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XMod2CohomologyRingPresentation[102X( [3XA[103X ) [32X function[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XMod2CohomologyRingPresentation[102X( [3XR[103X ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YWhen  applied to a finite [22X2[122X-group [22XG[122X this function returns a presentation for
  the  mod  2 cohomology ring [22XH^*(G,Z_2)[122X. The Lyndon-Hochschild-Serre spectral
  sequence is used to prove that the presentation is correct.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YWhen  the  function  is  applied  to  a [22X2[122X-group [22XG[122X and positive integer [22Xn[122X the
  function  first  constructs  [22Xn[122X  terms  of  a  free  [22XZ_2G[122X-resolution  [22XR[122X, then
  constructs  the  finite-dimensional  graded  algebra [22XA=H^(*le n)(G,Z_2)[122X, and
  finally   uses   [22XA[122X   to  approximate  a  presentation  for  [22XH^*(G,Z_2)[122X.  For
  "sufficiently  large"  the  approximation will be a correct presentation for
  [22XH^*(G,Z_2)[122X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YAlternatively, the function can be applied directly to either the resolution
  [22XR[122X or graded algebra [22XA[122X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThis  function  was  written by [12XPaul Smith[112X. It uses the Singular commutative
  algebra package to handle the Lyndon-Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[12XExamples:[112X             1             ([7X../tutorial/chap8.html[107X) ,             2
  ([7X../www/SideLinks/About/aboutIntro.html[107X) [133X
  
